Liver Cirrhosis - What it is Symptoms, Types, Causes & Treatments

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What are the symptoms of Liver Cirrhosis?

In the early stages, cirrhosis may go unnoticed. As the condition worsens, symptoms become more evident:

Persistent fatigue and weakness

The liver plays a crucial role in energy metabolism. When its function declines, it can lead to constant tiredness and reduced stamina.

Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)

This occurs when the liver can no longer efficiently process bilirubin, a yellow pigment formed by the breakdown of red blood cells. It accumulates in the blood and causes yellow discoloration.

Abdominal swelling due to fluid accumulation (ascites)

Scarred liver tissue can cause a buildup of pressure in blood vessels, leading to fluid leakage into the abdomen.

Swelling in legs and feet (edema)

Impaired protein production and blood circulation can cause fluid to accumulate in the lower limbs.

Confusion or memory issues (hepatic encephalopathy)

A damaged liver cannot effectively remove toxins from the blood. These toxins reach the brain and lead to mental confusion, forgetfulness, and changes in behavior.

Easy bruising or bleeding

The liver produces proteins essential for blood clotting. In cirrhosis, reduced production increases the risk of unexplained bruises or bleeding from minor injuries.

Loss of appetite and unexplained weight loss

Impaired digestion and reduced nutrient absorption often lead to decreased appetite and gradual weight loss.

Diagnosis / Investigations

At Royal Care Hospital, diagnosis is made through a combination of clinical evaluation and advanced diagnostics:

Liver Function Tests (LFTs)

These blood tests assess levels of liver enzymes, proteins, and bilirubin to understand how well the liver is functioning.

Ultrasound and Fibroscan (elastography)

Imaging tools that evaluate liver stiffness, indicating the presence of scarring or fibrosis.

CT or MRI of the liver

Provide detailed images of the liver’s structure and detect complications like tumors, fluid accumulation, or portal hypertension.

Endoscopic evaluation for varices

This procedure checks for enlarged veins in the esophagus or stomach, which may develop due to increased pressure in the liver.

Liver biopsy (if needed)

A small tissue sample is taken and examined under a microscope to confirm the presence and extent of liver fibrosis.

Types of Cirrhosis

Alcoholic Cirrhosis: Caused by chronic and excessive alcohol consumption. This type is common and preventable with lifestyle changes.
Viral Hepatitis-Induced Cirrhosis: Results from long-standing hepatitis B or C infections that gradually damage the liver.
Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) Cirrhosis: Related to obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome. It’s the advanced stage of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
Autoimmune Cirrhosis: Occurs when the body’s immune system attacks its own liver cells, leading to inflammation and scarring.

Causes

Chronic hepatitis B or C infection: Persistent viral infection causes long-term liver inflammation and damage.
Long-term alcohol abuse: Regular heavy alcohol intake directly damages liver cells, leading to inflammation and fibrosis.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Often linked with obesity and diabetes, this condition causes fat buildup in the liver, eventually leading to scarring.
Genetic liver disorders: Conditions like hemochromatosis (iron overload) and Wilson’s disease (copper accumulation) can lead to liver damage.
Autoimmune hepatitis or biliary diseases: The immune system mistakenly attacks liver tissues or bile ducts, causing chronic inflammation and eventual scarring.

Treatments & Procedures

Royal Care Hospital offers a comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach to managing liver cirrhosis:

Medications to control complications Nutritional and lifestyle support Endoscopic management of varices Paracentesis for ascites Liver transplant evaluation and referral

Medications to control complications

We provide drug therapy to manage symptoms such as fluid buildup, bleeding risk, and encephalopathy.

Nutritional and lifestyle support

Our specialists offer dietary guidance and monitor nutrient intake to manage malnutrition and promote liver health.

Endoscopic management of varices

Therapeutic endoscopy is used to treat or prevent bleeding from esophageal or gastric varices.

Paracentesis for ascites

A minimally invasive procedure to remove fluid from the abdomen, relieving discomfort and improving breathing.

Liver transplant evaluation and referral

For eligible patients, we initiate comprehensive transplant evaluation and offer support through the referral process.

Prevention and Awareness

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Medical Gastroenterology team

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What is liver cirrhosis?

Cirrhosis is scarring of the liver caused by long-term damage, which leads to impaired liver function.

2. Can cirrhosis be reversed?

While the scarring cannot be reversed, early diagnosis and treatment can slow progression and improve quality of life.

3. What are the complications of liver cirrhosis?

Complications include bleeding, fluid accumulation, infections, confusion, and liver cancer.

4. When should I see a doctor?

If you notice symptoms such as jaundice, abdominal swelling, or persistent fatigue, consult a liver specialist.